| Contents |
Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Editors -- Contributors -- Part I: Foundations for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention -- 1: Introduction and Prevention Framework -- 1.1 Introduction: Making the Case for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Prevention -- 1.1.1 Disparities and Inequities in CVD -- 1.1.2 Prevalence of Risk Factors -- 1.1.3 Societal Burden of CVD -- 1.2 Goal of High-Level Wellness and Ideal Cardiovascular Health -- 1.3 Is Prevention of CVD Possible? -- 1.4 Traditional and Contemporary Perspectives on Risk: Biological, Psychological, Social, Behavioral, and Environmental -- 1.5 Levels of Prevention for CVD -- 1.6 Goal of Optimizing Resilience -- 1.7 Integrated Model of Ideal CV Health Promotion and Model of Nursing Interventions and Roles in Promoting Resilience to Optimize Ideal CVH -- 1.8 Summary -- References -- 2: Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Definition of Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) -- 2.1.2 Levels of Social Determinants -- 2.1.3 Socioeconomic Position -- 2.2 Individual-Level Determinants -- 2.2.1 Material Circumstances -- 2.2.2 Education -- 2.2.3 Income Inequality -- 2.2.4 Employment and Occupation -- 2.2.5 Psychological Factors -- 2.2.6 Behavioral Factors -- 2.2.7 Biological Factors -- 2.2.8 Neighborhood and Built Environment -- Neighborhood Crime and Violence -- Housing Instability, Quality, and Safety -- 2.2.9 Food Insecurity and Access -- 2.3 Structural/System-Level Determinants -- 2.3.1 Governance -- Jim Crow Laws, Residential Segregation, and Redlining -- 2.3.2 Macroeconomic, Social, and Public Policies -- Health-Care Policies and Health Systems -- Economic, Educational, and Infrastructural Deprivation -- 2.3.3 Culture and Societal Values: Social Cohesion and Social Capital. |
| Contents |
2.4 Assessment of Social Determinants -- 2.4.1 Neighborhood-Level Measures of SDoH -- 2.5 Epidemiological Evidence on the Association Between Social Determinants and Cardiovascular Health -- 2.5.1 Race/Ethnicity, Racism, and Cardiovascular Health -- 2.5.2 Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiovascular Health -- Diet -- Sleep -- Physical Activity -- Medication Adherence -- Tobacco Use -- 2.6 Interventions to Mitigate the Impact of Social Determinants on Cardiovascular Health -- 2.6.1 Larger-Scale Approaches: Governmental, Programmatic, and Community-Based -- Health Services Connections: Community Health Workers -- Nutrition and Food Access -- 2.6.2 Individual-Level Approaches -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Biological Pathways of Risk -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Molecular Pathways of Cardiovascular Risk -- 3.2.1 Genetics -- Genetic Polymorphisms -- Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWASs) -- 3.2.2 Epigenetics -- 3.2.3 Summary of Molecular Pathways -- 3.3 Inflammatory Pathways of Cardiovascular Risk -- 3.3.1 Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease -- Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis -- Acute Coronary Syndrome -- 3.3.2 Hypertension -- 3.3.3 Heart Failure -- Innate Immunity -- Adaptive Immunity -- Peripheral Sources of Inflammation -- 3.3.4 Arrythmias -- 3.3.5 Modifiable Inflammatory CVD Risk Factors -- Smoking -- Physical Inactivity -- Diet -- Pharmacological Modulation of Inflammation in CVD Risk -- 3.3.6 Summary of Inflammatory Pathways -- 3.4 Neurohormonal Pathways of Cardiovascular Risk -- 3.4.1 Sympathetic Nervous System -- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System -- Role of RAAS in Atherosclerosis -- Role of RAAS in Hypertension -- Role of RAAS in Heart Failure -- Role of RAAS in Arrythmias -- 3.4.2 Stress Pathways -- 3.5 Metabolic Pathways of Cardiovascular Risk -- 3.5.1 Insulin Resistance -- Endothelial Dysfunction. |
| Contents |
Hypertension -- Dyslipidemia -- 3.5.2 Adiposity -- Inflammation -- Adipokines -- Obesity -- 3.5.3 Metabolic Abnormalities -- 3.5.4 Summary of Metabolic Risk -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: The Spectrum of Cardiovascular Risk -- 4: Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Non-Modifiable Risk Factors -- 4.2.1 Age -- 4.2.2 Sex -- 4.2.3 Family History -- 4.2.4 Race and Ethnicity -- 4.3 Genetics and Epigenetics -- 4.3.1 Genetic Associations with CHD -- 4.3.2 Epigenetics -- 4.4 Modifiable Risk Factors -- 4.4.1 Dyslipidemia -- Relationship Between Hypercholesterolemia and CHD -- Clinical Practice Guidelines -- Primary and Secondary Prevention Statin Trials -- LDL Cholesterol Measurement -- Lipoproteins, Particle Number, and LDL Cholesterol -- HDL Particles -- Hypertriglyceridemia -- Elevated Lipoprotein (a) -- 4.5 Hypertension -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Blood Pressure Classification and Measurement -- 4.5.3 Risks Associated with SBP and DBP Elevation -- 4.5.4 Blood Pressure-Lowering Clinical Trials and CVD and Stroke Risk -- 4.5.5 Risk Factors for Hypertension: Genetics, Race, Dietary Factors, Alcohol, Obesity, and Physical Inactivity -- 4.6 Diabetes -- 4.6.1 Link Between Diabetes and CVD -- 4.6.2 CVD and Psychosocial Factors in Persons with Diabetes -- 4.6.3 Sex Differences -- 4.7 Metabolic Syndrome -- 4.7.1 Cardiometabolic Health in the U.S. -- 4.7.2 Research Supporting the Link Between MetS and CVD -- 4.8 Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes -- 4.9 Chronic Kidney Disease -- 4.10 Summary -- References -- 5: Behavior and Lifestyle Risk Factors -- 5.1 Definition of Behavioral and Lifestyle Risk Factors -- 5.2 Sedentary Behavior and Inactivity -- 5.3 Physical Activity -- 5.4 Dietary Patterns and Nutrition -- 5.5 Smoking and Tobacco Exposure -- 5.5.1 E-Cigarettes. |
| Contents |
5.5.2 Heated Tobacco -- 5.5.3 Smokeless Tobacco Products -- 5.5.4 Second-Hand Smoke -- 5.6 Sleep -- 5.7 Stress -- 5.8 Alcohol and Substance Use -- 5.8.1 Substance Use Disorders -- Alcohol -- Other Substances -- Cannabis -- Opioids -- Amphetamines -- 5.9 Summary -- References -- 6: Psychosocial Risk Factors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Allostatic Load -- 6.2.1 Relevance to Stress, Mental Illness, and CVD -- 6.3 Social Risk Factors -- 6.3.1 Adverse Childhood Experiences -- 6.3.2 Economic Stress and Low Socioeconomic Status -- Food Insecurity -- Housing Instability -- Education Level -- Limited Access to Resources to Manage Stressors -- 6.3.3 Access to Adequate Healthcare -- 6.3.4 Employment Stressors -- 6.3.5 Community Factors -- 6.3.6 Racism -- 6.3.7 Intimate Partner Violence -- 6.3.8 Incarceration -- 6.4 Mental Health Risk Factors -- 6.4.1 Depression -- Pathophysiological Implications -- Medication -- Associated Psychosocial Risk Factors -- 6.4.2 Anxiety Disorders -- Pathophysiological Implications -- Medication -- Associated Psychosocial Risk Factors -- 6.4.3 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder -- Pathophysiological Implications and Associated Psychosocial Risk Factors -- Medication -- 6.4.4 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders -- Associated Psychosocial Risk Factors -- Medication -- 6.4.5 Bipolar Disorder -- Associated Psychosocial Risk Factors -- Medication -- 6.4.6 Substance Use Disorders -- 6.4.7 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder -- Medication -- 6.4.8 Sleep Disorders -- Medications -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Chronic and Other Conditions That Increase CVD Risk -- 7.1 Risk-Enhancing Conditions -- 7.2 Obesity -- 7.2.1 Introduction and Definition -- 7.2.2 Prevalence -- 7.2.3 Social Determinants of Health -- Economic Stability and Food Access. |
| Contents |
Neighborhood, Built Environment, and Social and Community Context -- Quality and Education Access and Quality and Home Care Access -- 7.2.4 Genetics -- 7.2.5 Obesity Paradox -- 7.2.6 Diagnosis -- 7.2.7 Treatment and Treatment Goals -- 7.2.8 Prevention -- 7.3 Rheumatic Diseases and Cardiovascular Disease Risks -- 7.3.1 Introduction -- 7.3.2 Rheumatic Diseases -- Definition, Diagnosis, and Guidelines -- Epidemiology -- Signs and Symptoms -- Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Risk Factors -- Clinical Treatment and Management -- Health Outcomes -- Comorbidities -- 7.3.3 Rheumatic Diseases and Cardiovascular Disease Risk -- Epidemiology -- Cardiovascular Signs, Symptoms, and Diseases in Rheumatic Diseases -- Risk Factors, Etiology, and Pathogenesis -- Prevention and Management -- 7.3.4 Summary -- 7.4 HIV and Cardiovascular Disease Risk -- 7.4.1 Overview and Epidemiology -- 7.4.2 Multifactorial Pathogenesis for CVD -- Chronic Inflammation and Immune Activation -- Metabolic Risk Factors -- Antiretroviral Drugs and CVD -- 7.4.3 Traditional Risk Factors -- 7.4.4 Risk Assessment -- 7.4.5 Disparities in CVD Care -- Reducing Disparities -- 7.4.6 CVD Risk Reduction Strategies -- Physical Activity -- Weight Management and Dietary Interventions -- Smoking Cessation -- Substance Disorders -- 7.4.7 HIV and CVD Risk Conclusions and Future Directions -- 7.5 HIV Case Study -- 7.6 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection -- 7.6.1 Prevalence -- 7.6.2 Pregnancy-Associated SCAD -- 7.6.3 Symptoms and Clinical Presentation -- 7.6.4 Pathophysiology of SCAD -- 7.6.5 Diagnosis -- 7.6.6 Management -- 7.6.7 Prevention/Recurrence -- Follow-Up and Patient Counseling -- 7.6.8 Pregnancy After SCAD -- 7.6.9 Summary -- 7.7 Chapter Summary -- References -- Risk Enhancing Conditions -- Obesity -- Rheumatic Diseases and Cardiovascular Disease Risks. |
| Abstract |
This book provides a comprehensive overview of essential concepts and evidence that guide the practice of contemporary preventive cardiovascular nursing. The sections incorporate a lifespan approach to cardiovascular wellness, and provide perspectives on sources of known and emerging cardiovascular risk factors as well as the spectrum of multidimensional factors including biological, behavioral, psychological and sociocultural influences on cardiovascular wellness, risk, and the evolution of cardiovascular conditions. Unique features address: 1) building resilience across the lifespan such that optimal cardiovascular wellness can be attained within multiple contexts of health states to increase a healthy lifespan and longevity; 2) behavior change skills for risk factor reduction; 3) risk factors and risk reduction approaches with special populations defined by gender, , age and aging, heath states, and health equity issues; and 4) high level roles for cardiovascular nurses as provider - risk assessor, communicator and care provider; educator, leader, patient and health advocate. Relevant case studies are included throughout to facilitate the application of the content. This book fills a gap in that there is no other book on preventive cardiovascular nursing care and roles , and it provides support for the nurse to lead relevant interdisciplinary teams. The book will empower nurses to build knowledge and skills for cardiovascular prevention and to provide leadership for optimal cardiovascular wellness for patients and communities. . |
| Bibliography note | Includes bibliographical references. |
| Source of description | Online resource; title from PDF title page (SpringerLink, viewed June 28, 2024). |
| Issued in other form | Print version: 3031537041 9783031537042 |
| Genre/form | Electronic books. |
| ISBN | 9783031537059 (electronic bk.) |
| ISBN | 303153705X (electronic bk.) |
| Standard identifier# |
10.1007/978-3-031-53705-9 |
