| Contents |
How the American racial system began: Atlantic slavery becomes market-driven and color-defined -- Anglo Americans adopt the Atlantic racial system -- The construction of planter hegemony, 1676-1776 -- The era of the American Revolution: the challenge to slavery and the compromise -- The old south's triumph -- The old south's crisis and the emergence of the white solidarity myth -- Emancipated but Black: freedom in the free states -- The planter and the "wage slave": a reactionary alliance -- King cotton's jesters: the minstrel show interprets race for the white working class -- The war of the cabins: the struggle for the soul of the "common man" -- The republican revolution and the struggle for a "new birth of freedom" -- Reconstruction: the radical challenge, 1865-77 -- Between slavery and freedom: the conservative quest for a halfway house -- The Age of segregation at its zenith: the racial system in a world of colonialism -- Radical challenge, liberal reform: African Americans gain new allies -- The American century, the American dilemma -- The Black freedom movement -- The racial system in the age of corporate globalism, technological revolution, and environmental crisis. |
| Abstract |
In this boldly interpretive narrative, the author tells the story of America's paradox of democracy entangled with a centuries old system of racial oppression. Before English colonization, Spanish and Portuguese conquerors enslaved American natives to produce for a European market. They saw their slaves become addicted to sugar, rum, and tobacco, and sicken and die in apocalyptic numbers. They began to import Africans, who survived the killer plantation diseases long enough to allow stable production, and a new kind of slavery was born, both market driven and defined as black. A century later, English planters adopted this slavery. They passed on to future generations a racial system of interacting practices and ideas. Its ideas first justified black slavery, then, after the Civil War, other forms of coerced black labor, and, today, black poverty and unemployment. At three historical moments, a crisis in the larger society opened political space for idealists to challenge the racial system: during the American Revolution, then during the "irrepressible conflict" ending in the Civil War, and, finally, during the Cold War and the colonial liberation movements. Each challenge resulted in a historic advance. But none swept clean. The emancipations of the era of the Revolution left the nation part free, part slave. The Civil War emancipated the slaves but left them half free. In the 1950s and '60s, a convergence of the colonial liberation movements and the Cold War created a crisis that opened space for the Black Freedom Movement to liberate many African Americans from a segregated bottom stratum of American society. Class became more important than color. But never had class, being poor, been a more formidable obstacle for any individual, black or white, to getting ahead. Many African Americans remain segregated in jobless ghettos with dilapidated schools and dismal prospects in an increasingly polarized class society. Evans sees a new crisis looming in a convergence of environmental disaster, endless wars, and economic collapse, which may again open space for a challenge to the racial system. African Americans, with their memory of their centuries old struggle against oppressors, appear uniquely placed to play a central role. |
